Glucosamine sulfate (D-Glucosamine sulfate) exhibits dose-dependent DPPH antioxidant activity. Glucosamine sulfate treatment of Short-term (4 h) inhibits HIF-1α at the protein level, decreases phosphorylation of p70S6K and S6, translation-related proteins. Glucosamine sulfate significantly decreases renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and fibronectin in the obstructed kidneys and TGF-β1-treated renal cells.