plant extract | the extract of Xanthium sibiricum L. The dry mature fruit extract, mainly contains volatile oil, fatty oil, phenolic acid, xanthii thiazide diketone and other heterocyclic compounds, anthraquinone, flavonoids, alkaloids and other components, the toxic components were Atractylodes lancea glycosides and its derivatives. With antibacterial, analgesic, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hypoglycemic and other pharmacological effects. |
source plant | [base source] the dried and mature fruits with involucre of The Compositae plant Xanthium sibiricum Patr. [Alias] Xanthium sibiricum, Konger fruit, Hu Cang Zi, Xanthium sibiricum, old Cang Zi, Cang Zi, Cang da head, Mao Cang Zi, Chi head, sheep with return, etc. Plant morphology: annual herb, 30-110 in height. Born on the side of the road, next to the House, the field and other dry to the sun. Stem coarse, usually with black-brown stripy spots, leaves alternate, sessile; Leaf blade stellate-triangular, margin with irregular coarse teeth or notches, with 3 thick veins. The whole plant was coarse with short hair. Summer flowering, flowers parthenotically, monoecious; Heads almost sessile, axillary, terminal, or convergent. The fruit is oval, 1~1.5 long, dense hook spines, easy to hook people's clothes. 6~8 months to collect the whole grass; 9~10 months to collect fruit. Figure 1 |
Chemical composition | 1. Atractyloside and its derivatives atractyloside and its derivatives are considered to be the main toxic components of fructus xanthii, have been divided into atractyloside, 4 '-to sulfated atractyloside, 3 ′,4'-atractyloside to disulfonic acid group, carboxyl atractyloside. Phenolic acids and their derivatives are composed of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid and so on. Among them, caffeic acid derivatives are more, including 1-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 1, 3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,3, 5-tricaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4, 5-tricaffeoylquinic acid, potassium 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, 5-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, caffeic acid choline ester, in addition to chlorogenic acid methyl ester. 3. The heterocyclic compounds that have been obtained from Xanthium sibiricum are mainly thiazide compounds, such as Xanthium thiazide diketone (xanthiazone,1), Xanthium thiazide diketoside (xanthiazide, 2) 2-hydroxyxanthium thiazide diketone glucoside (3), caffeoylxanthium thiazide diketone glucoside (4) and Xanthium Buprofezin (xanthiazinone, 5)5 compounds. In addition, the heterocyclic compound 6, 7-dimethyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 3-quinoxalinedione was also isolated from xanthii fructus. The fatty acid composition of Xanthium sibiricum seed oil was analyzed by GC-MS hyphenated technology. The fatty acids were brown acid, linoleic acid, Z-oleic acid, E-oleic acid, stearic acid and behenic acid. The oil of fructus xanthii varies slightly with the origin, but the main components are linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. The unsaponifiable matter contains β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, etc. The fatty acid composition of xanthii seed oil was saturated fatty acid 7.25%, linoleic acid 61.09%, oleic acid 31.66%. Glycerol (74.41%) was the main component in the water extract of other components. Also contains volatile oil, anthraquinones, flavonoids, alkaloids. Fructus xanthii still contains xanthii glycosides, namely, β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside, 4 '-O-dihydroadenosyl acid sodium salt-β-D-glucoside, delta 7-lenetol-3-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, linteoside and other glycosides. In addition, it also contains Xanthium agglutinin, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, linteole, quercetin, silymarin, small molecular organic acids, small molecular carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, etc. |
pharmacological action | 1. The in vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory tests showed that 50% xanthii fructus decoction had inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumonia coccus and B streptococcus, and acetone or ethanol extract of xanthii fructus also had inhibitory effect on Trichophyton rubrum in vitro. Diterpene hydroxy acid atractylodin can inhibit carrageenan-induced edema in rats. In the experiment of toe swelling in rats, the compound preparation of xanthii seed rhinitis pill showed that the product had significant effect on toe swelling caused by formaldehyde and egg white, and the effect also increased with the increase of dose, indicating that it had anti-inflammatory effect. The hypoglycemic effect can reduce the blood sugar of normal animals, but can not reduce the hyperglycemia induced by alloxan in rats. The extract of Xanthium sibiricum glycosides nature of rhamnose, not only can not increase the formation of animal liver glycogen, but to promote glycogen reduction. If rhamnose is injected first and then epinephrine is injected, the blood sugar-raising reaction of the latter is weakened or disappeared. This may be due to a reduction in liver glycogen by rhamnose. 3. Antioxidant effect in mice showed that the extract of fructus xanthii not only has immunomodulatory effect, but also has obvious antioxidant effect, which can effectively reduce lipid peroxidation and reduce the content of LPO, can avoid harmful substances on the structure and function of tissue cell damage. In addition, there is a tendency to increase SOD activity, enhance the body's ability to scavenge free radicals, and reduce the damage of free radicals to the body. 4. Effect on respiratory system the amplitude and frequency of respiration in anesthetized rabbits and dogs can be significantly increased by intravenous injection of fructus xanthii. It also excites the breathing of the rabbit in a conscious state. Xanthii tincture can enhance the breathing movement of the frog, a large number of that is to inhibit breathing. The decoction of Xanthium sibiricum by Intragastric Administration has antitussive effect on Cough of mice caused by sulfur dioxide and ammonia. 5. The influence on the cardiovascular system xanthii seed injection intravenous injection can make the blood pressure of anesthetized rabbits and dogs decreased, the conscious state of the rabbit also have antihypertensive effect. Transient Inhibition of isolated guinea pig hearts. 6. Other effects the immune function of mice was obviously inhibited after oral administration of Xanthium extract, which was related to the distribution of T cell subsets and the production of β-endorphin in mice. Glycoside substances have temporary and obvious effect of reducing white blood cells. The extract has Excitatory effect on isolated rabbit intestine. |
identification | fruit was spindle-shaped or oval, 1-1.5 in length and 0.4-0.7 in diameter. The surface was yellow-brown or yellow-green in color, with all hook spines, 0.1-0.15 in length. 2 slightly thick spines were noted at the apex, isolated or connected, with fruiting stem marks at the base. Firm and rubbery, with a longitudinal septum in the center of the transverse section, 2 chambers, each containing an achene. Achenes are slightly spindle-shaped, flat on one side, with 1 protruding style base at the top, with thin, gray-black, longitudinally striated. Seed coat membrane, light gray, cotyledon 2, oily. Slight gas, slightly bitter taste. With large grains, full, brown color is better. 1G, 4 parts of crude powder (20~40 mesh) were identified by UV spectrum, and were placed in 50ml iodine bottles, respectively, and petroleum ether (60~90 ℃), chloroform, anhydrous ethanol and distilled water 20ml were added, soak at room temperature for 2H, shake, filter, filtrate diluted with the appropriate solvent, Shimadzu UV-3000 UV spectrophotometer on the determination of its UV spectrum. Test conditions: wavelength range 190 ~ 400nm, absorption range 0 ~ 3A, slit 1nm, scanning speed 200nm/min, scale expansion 20nm/cm. Results: λmaxpet was 229.0, 268.0, 283.0(sh), 302.0(sh)nm, Δmaxchcl3 was 244.0, 272.0, 334.0(sh)nm, λmaxetoh was 294.0(sh), 334.0nm, maxh2o for 196.0, 285.0, 330.0nm. Figure 2 is the UV spectrum of Xanthium sibiricum 1. Petroleum ether extract 2. Chloroform extract 3. Ethanol extract 4. Water extract |
toxic side effects | toxic. The LD50 of mice by intraperitoneal injection was 0.93g/kg, and the LD50 of diterpene hydroxy acid atracoside by intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection and intragastric administration were 2.9, 5.3 and mg/kg, respectively. Rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits to different routes of administration of poisoning performance is basically the same, such as reduced activity, slow response to external stimuli, irregular breathing, extreme difficulty in breathing before death, accompanied by paroxysmal convulsions. Histopathological examination showed that the main organs of various animals were damaged after poisoning. In addition to the difference in degree, the basic lesions were the same: liver degeneration or necrosis; Renal tubular epithelium was swollen, intraluminal protein cast; Lung and brain congestion, edema; Mild heart swelling. Liver damage is the most serious, similar to carbon tetrachloride damage, it is considered that the main cause of seed extract poisoning is liver necrosis, secondary brain edema caused by seizures, may be the direct cause of death. Xanthii seed oil (once heated to 120 ° C) and its protein (insoluble in water and denaturant in the extraction process) have no obvious toxicity, and the water extract prepared from the defatted part is very toxic. A kind of glycoside was isolated from the water immersion agent, which may be the main toxic component of fructus xanthii. The residue after water immersion is less toxic or non-toxic. After high temperature treatment (such as Coke carbonization) can destroy its toxicity. It is also believed that the strong paroxysmal convulsion after animal poisoning is related to the significant decrease of blood sugar caused by the glycoside substances contained in xanthii fructus, and the injection of a large amount of glucose can relieve the convulsion and prolong the life span. Adults taking more than 100g can cause acute poisoning. There are reports of Xanthium poisoning caused by left heart failure. |
sexual taste and efficacy | [sexual taste] bitter, bitter, warm; Toxic. Notable for scattered rheumatism. Used for wind cold Head Pain, nasosinusitis Rhinorrhea, rubella itching, wet spasm. |