ACETAMIDE

ACETAMIDE - Names and Identifiers

Name	Acetamide
Synonyms	AMIDE C2 Acetamid ACETAMIDE Acetamide Acetamidum ACETIC ACID AMIDE aceticacidamide[qr] acetamide(ethanamide) Acetamid(trigonaleForm)
CAS	60-35-5
EINECS	200-473-5
InChI	InChI=1/C2H5NO/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H2,3,4)
InChIKey	DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

ACETAMIDE - Physico-chemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C2H5NO
Molar Mass	59.07
Density	1.159
Melting Point	78-80°C(lit.)
Boling Point	221°C(lit.)
Flash Point	220-222°C
JECFA Number	1592
Water Solubility	2000 g/L (20 ºC)
Solubility	Soluble in water, alcohol, pyridine, chloroform, glycerin and hot benzene, almost insoluble in ether
Vapor Presure	1 mm Hg ( 65 °C)
Appearance	Colorless crystal
Color	White
Odor	Mousy odor
Exposure Limit	ACGIH: TWA 1 ppm
Merck	14,43
BRN	1071207
pKa	0.63(at 25℃)
Storage Condition	Store below +30°C.
Stability	Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, strong bases. Deliquescent. Triboluminescent.
Sensitive	Easily absorbing moisture
Refractive Index	1.4274
MDL	MFCD00008023
Physical and Chemical Properties	Density 1.159 melting point 79-81°C boiling point 221°C water-soluble 2000g/L (20°C)
Use	Mainly used as an organic solvent, can also be used as a plasticizer and peroxide stabilizer, as an antacid in the production of cosmetics, also used for the preparation of hypnotics, pesticides, etc

ACETAMIDE - Risk and Safety

Hazard Symbols	Xn - Harmful
Risk Codes	40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
Safety Description	36/37 - Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves.
UN IDs	UN 3077 9/PG 3
WGK Germany	1
RTECS	AB4025000
FLUKA BRAND F CODES	3
TSCA	Yes
HS Code	29241900
Toxicity	LD50 orally in Rabbit: 7000 mg/kg

ACETAMIDE - Upstream Downstream Industry

Raw Materials

Ammonia
1,4-Dioxane
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium carbonate
Ethyl phenylacetate
Phenylacetone

Downstream Products

Chorionic Gonadotropin
3-AMINO-PYRIDINE-4-CARBALDEHYDE
Triethyl orthoacetate
Thidiazuron
Cefaclor monohydrate
3-AMINO-ISONICOTINIC ACID ETHYL ESTER
3-Amino-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
2-FLUOROQUINOLINE-7-CARBOXYLIC ACID
(3-AMINO-PYRIDIN-4-YL)-METHANOL
4-HYDROXYMETHYL-PYRIDIN-3-OL
3-AMINO-ISONICOTINIC ACID METHYL ESTER
N-Acetylsulfanilyl chloride
4-ETHYL-6-HYDROXY-2-METHYLPYRIMIDINE
3-HYDROXY-4-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID
Thioacetamide
3-Aminoisonicotinic acid
1,2,4,5-TETRACYANOBENZENE
Glycinamide
3-TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYLAMINO-ISONICOTINIC ACID
1,2,4,5-BENZENETETRACARBOXAMIDE
Ethyl fluoroacetate
3-IODOISONICOTINIC ACID
2,4-Dimethylthiazole
3-(9H-FLUOREN-9-YLMETHOXYCARBONYLAMINO)-ISONICOTINIC ACID
3-(2,2-DIMETHYL-PROPIONYLAMINO)-ISONICOTINIC ACID
3-AMINO-4-PYRIDINECARBOXYALDEHYDE HYDROCHLORIDE
4-CHLORO-2,6-DIMETHYL-NICOTINIC ACID
ETHYL 4-CHLORO-2,6-DIMETHYLPYRIDINE-3-CARBOXYLATE
PYROMELLITIC DIIMIDE
Dacarbazine
Cymoxanil
4-Amino-6-chloropyrimidine
HEXANENITRILE
N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide
N-ACETYLHOMOPIPERAZINE
3,4-PYRIDINEDICARBOXIMIDE
BENORILATE
4-Amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide hydrochloride
Trimethyl thiazole
2-Methylthiazole

ACETAMIDE - Nature

Open Data Verified Data

colorless transparent needle-like crystals. It has the smell of mouse secretion, easy deliquescence, flammable and low toxicity. Soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, pyridine and glycerol, slightly soluble in ether. Melting Point 81 °c. Boiling Point 221 °c (look kPa). The relative density was 1.159. Refractive index 4274.

Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35

ACETAMIDE - Safety

Open Data Verified Data

This product has low toxicity, but it is irritating and can irritate the skin and mucous membranes. Operators should wear protective glasses and masks.
This product is packaged in glass or plastic bottles. 0.5kg per bottle. External reinforcement with wooden pute barrel. According to the provisions of the storage and transportation of toxic chemicals.

Last Update：2025-06-10 22:55:16

ACETAMIDE - Security information

WGK Germany	1
RTECS number	AB4025000
F	3
auto-ignition temperature	560°C
TSCA	Yes
customs code	29241900
toxic substance data	60-35-5(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity	LD50 orally in Rabbit: 7000 mg/kg

Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15

ACETAMIDE - Reference Information

introduction	acetamide is colorless and transparent needle-like crystals with the smell of mouse secretions. Soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, pyridine and glycerin, slightly soluble in ether.
application	acetamide is azeotropic with water to produce ammonia and the corresponding acid in the presence of acid or alkali. It can be used as a solvent for various inorganic compounds and organic compounds, as well as for making hygroscopic agents, wetting agents, etc. It is prepared by the action of acetyl, acetic anhydride or ethyl acetate and ammonia.
organofluorine antidote	acetamide is also known as chlorhexidine. It is an antidote for the poisoning of the pesticide diphylamine (fluoroacetamide), which has the effects of prolonging the incubation period of poisoning, reducing the symptoms of the disease and stopping the disease. The detoxification mechanism may be due to the fact that this product is similar in chemical structure to fluoroacetamide, and can competitively seize certain enzymes, such as amidase, so that it does not produce fluoroethylamine that interferes with the body's tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby eliminating fluoroacetamide Toxicity to the body. Animal experiments show that intramuscular injection of this product can increase the LD50 of fluoroacetamide in mice by 3 times. It is clinically used for organofluorine pesticide poisoning.
chemical properties	colorless transparent needle crystal. It has the smell of rat secretions. Soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, pyridine and glycerin, slightly soluble in ether.
use	mainly used as an organic solvent, can also be used as a stabilizer for plasticizers and peroxides, as an antacid in cosmetic production, and also used to prepare sleeping pills, pesticides, etc. used as analytical reagents, solvents and plasticizers, it is also used in the synthesis of organic and dye Acetamide has a high dielectric constant, is an excellent solvent for many organic and inorganic substances, and is widely used in various industries. It can be used as a solubilizer when some substances with low solubility in water are dissolved in water, such as solvents and solubilizers used as dyes in the fiber industry, and as solvents in the synthesis of chloramphenicol and other antibiotics. Acetamide is weakly alkaline and can be used as an antacid for varnishes, explosives and cosmetics. Acetamide is hygroscopic and can be used as a wetting agent for dyeing; it can also be used as a plasticizer for plastics. N-haloacetamide produced by chlorination or bromination of acetamide is a halogenating reagent for organic synthesis. Acetamide is also a raw material for the manufacture of drugs and fungicides. Acetamide is an antidote to organofluorine insecticidal pesticide-fluoroacetamide poisoning. The mechanism of action is that the chemical structure of the product is similar to that of fluoroacetamide, which can compete with acetamidase, so that fluoroacetamide does not produce fluoroacetic acid, and eliminates the toxic effect of the latter on the tricarboxylic cycle to achieve the purpose of detoxification. As an excellent solvent for many inorganic and organic compounds after melting. Organic synthesis. Add solvent. Stabilizer. Plasticizer. Alcohol denaturant.
production method	glacial acetic acid is introduced into ammonium acetate, then acetamide is obtained by pyrolysis and dehydration, and finished product is obtained by crystallization and separation. Raw material consumption quota: acetic acid (99%)1700 kg/t, liquid ammonia (99%)750 kg/t. Laboratory synthesis can be operated as follows. Put 3kg glacial acetic acid in a 5L flask and add ammonium carbonate equivalent to 400g ammonia. The flask is equipped with a high-efficiency fractionation column, condenser and receiver. The reaction mixture is heated to slow boiling, and the distillation speed is not more than 180 mg/h until the top temperature reaches 110 ℃. A mixture of 1400-1500ml of water and acetic acid was obtained. Change the receiver, slowly increase the heating, and continue distillation at the same speed until the top temperature rises to 140 ℃. Distillate 500-700ml, mainly acetic acid, is reserved for the next feeding. The residue is transferred into a flask with a fractionation column and an air condenser, and the fractions before 210 ℃ and 210-216 ℃ are collected respectively. The latter is acetamide, weighing 1150-1200g g. The former can also distill and recover some products. The total weight of the two is 1200-1250g, and the yield is 87%-90%. Acetamide is often refined by distillation and solvent recrystallization. Commonly used solvents are acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, chloroform, dioxane or a mixture of benzene and ethyl acetate. For example, 1kg of acetamide prepared by the above method is recrystallized with a mixed solvent of 1L benzene and 300ml of ethyl acetate to obtain a colorless needle-like pure product. Products obtained from industrial production have a purity of not less than 98% and a freezing point of not less than 76 ℃.
category	flammable liquid
toxicity classification	low toxicity
acute toxicity	oral-rat LD50: 7000 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 12900 mg/kg
flammability hazard characteristics	flammable; combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxide gas
storage and transportation characteristics	warehouse ventilation and low temperature drying
fire extinguishing agent	dry powder, foam, sand, water
(IARC) carcinogen classification	2B (Vol. 7, Sup 7, 71) 1999
NIST chemical information	The information is provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link)
EPA chemical information	The information is provided by: ofmpub.epa.gov (external link)
spontaneous combustion temperature	560°C
toxic substance data	The information is: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Provide (external link)

Last Update：2024-04-09 20:45:29

ACETAMIDE - Nature

storage conditions	Store below 30°C.
solubility	H2O: 0.5 g/mL, Hazen ≤50
acidity coefficient (pKa)	0.63(at 25℃)
morphology	Crystals
color	White
Odor	Mousy odor
water solubility	2000 g/L (20 °C)
Merck	14,43
JECFA Number	1592
BRN	1071207
stability	Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, strong bases. Deliquescent. Triboluminescent.
InChIKey	DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
(IARC) Carcinogen Classification	2B (Vol. 7, Sup 7, 71) 1999
NIST chemical information	Acetamide(60-35-5)
EPA chemical information	Acetamide (60-35-5)

Last Update：2024-04-09 15:16:16

ACETAMIDE - Uses and synthesis methods

introduction

Acetamide is a colorless and transparent needle-like crystal with a mouse secretion-like smell. Soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, pyridine and glycerin, slightly soluble in ether. Application

Acetamide in the presence of acid or base, azeotropic with water to produce ammonia and the corresponding acid. It can be used as a solvent for various inorganic compounds and organic compounds, as well as for making hygroscopic agents, wetting agents, etc. It is prepared by the action of acetyl, acetic anhydride or ethyl acetate and ammonia.

organic fluorine antidote

Acetamide is also known as Eflforth. It is an antidote for the poisoning of the pesticide dithiamine (fluoroacetamide), which has the effects of prolonging the incubation period of poisoning, reducing the symptoms of the disease and stopping the disease. The detoxification mechanism may be due to the fact that this product is similar in chemical structure to fluoroacetamide, and can competitively seize certain enzymes, such as amidase, so that it does not produce fluoroethylamine that interferes with the body's tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby eliminating fluoroacetamide Toxicity to the body. Animal experiments show that intramuscular injection of this product can increase the LD50 of fluoroacetamide in mice by 3 times. It is clinically used for organofluorine pesticide poisoning.

chemical properties

Colorless transparent needle crystal. With the smell of rat secretions. Soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, pyridine and glycerin, slightly soluble in ether.

use

1. Mainly used as an organic solvent, it can also be used as a stabilizer for plasticizers and peroxides, as an antacid in the production of cosmetics, and also used to prepare sleeping pills, pesticides, etc.

2. Used as analytical reagent, solvent and plasticizer, also used in the synthesis of organic and dye

3. Acetamide has a high dielectric constant and is an excellent solvent for many organic and inorganic substances. It is widely used in various industries. It can be used as a solubilizer when some substances with low solubility in water are dissolved in water, such as solvents and solubilizers used as dyes in the fiber industry, and as solvents in the synthesis of chloramphenicol and other antibiotics. Acetamide is weakly alkaline and can be used as an antacid for varnishes, explosives and cosmetics. Acetamide is hygroscopic and can be used as a wetting agent for dyeing; it can also be used as a plasticizer for plastics. N-haloacetamide produced by chlorination or bromination of acetamide is a halogenating reagent for organic synthesis. Acetamide is also a raw material for making drugs and fungicides. Acetamide is an antidote to organofluorine insecticidal pesticide-fluoroacetamide poisoning. The mechanism of action is that the chemical structure of the product is similar to that of fluoroacetamide, which can compete with acetamidase, so that fluoroacetamide does not produce fluoroacetic acid, and eliminates the toxic effect of the latter on the tricarboxylic cycle to achieve the purpose of detoxification.

4. after melting, it is used as an excellent solvent for many inorganic and organic compounds. Organic synthesis. Add solvent. Stabilizer. Plasticizer. Alcohol denaturation.

production method

glacial acetic acid is introduced into ammonia to generate ammonium acetate, which is then pyrolyzed and dehydrated to obtain acetamide, which is crystallized and separated to obtain the finished product. Raw material consumption quota: acetic acid (99%)1700kg/t, liquid ammonia (99%)750kg/t. Laboratory synthesis can be operated according to the following steps. Put 3kg glacial acetic acid in a 5L flask and add ammonium carbonate equivalent to 400g ammonia. The flask is equipped with a high-efficiency fractionation column, condenser and receiver. The reaction mixture is heated to slow boiling, and the distillation speed is not more than 180 mg/h until the top temperature reaches 110 ℃. A mixture of 1400-1500ml water and acetic acid was obtained. Change the receiver, slowly increase the heating, and continue distillation at the same speed until the top temperature rises to 140°C. Distillate 500-700ml, mainly acetic acid, is reserved for the next feeding. The residue was transferred into a flask with a fractionation column and an air condenser, and the fractions before 210 ℃ and 210-216 ℃ were collected respectively. The latter is acetamide, weighing 1150-1200g g. The former can also distill and recover some products. The total weight of the two is 1200-1250g, and the yield is 87%-90%. Acetamide is often refined by distillation and solvent recrystallization. Commonly used solvents are acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, chloroform, dioxane or a mixture of benzene and ethyl acetate. For example, 1kg of acetamide prepared by the above method is recrystallized with a mixed solvent of 1L benzene and 300ml of ethyl acetate to obtain a colorless needle-like pure product. Products obtained from industrial production have a purity of not less than 98% and a freezing point of not less than 76 ℃.

category

flammable liquids

toxicity classification

low toxicity

acute toxicity

oral-rat LD50: 7000 mg/kg; oral-mouse LD50: 12900 mg/kg

flammability hazard characteristics

Flammable; combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxide gas

storage and transportation features

Warehouse ventilation and low temperature drying

fire extinguishing agent

Dry powder, foam, sand, water