Name | Ostrea edulis, ext. |
Synonyms | Ostrea edulis Ostrea edulis, ext. Ostrea edulis extract |
CAS | 94465-79-9 |
EINECS | 305-364-7 |
overview | oyster extract (JCOE) is a short name for a mixture that is separated and extracted by a special method from whole oysters. It is rich in glycogen, taurine (taurine), 18 kinds of amino acids, B vitamins, polysaccharides, low molecular active peptides, Fe, Zn, Se and other minerals and trace elements. At present, oyster alcohol extract and oyster water extract are commonly used. It has various biological activities such as improving immunity, anti-tumor and protecting liver. It has been widely used in functional food, nutritional food and medicine. Oyster shell can be used to prepare oyster shell lime with dyeing function, oyster shell mixed with clay can be used to prepare cement, which is widely used in construction, decoration and other fields. Oyster shell powder is not only high in calcium, but also rich in various trace elements. In addition, oyster shells can also be used to prepare various feed additives, fertilizer additives, cement additives, coating additives and soil conditioners. |
Base source | Oyster is also known as oyster shell, oyster shell, left shell, left oyster, oyster clam. It is the shell and software of Ostrea gigas, the long oyster Ostrea Thunberg, Dalian Bay oyster Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse or Ostrea rivularis Gould. It mainly produces coastal areas such as Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Liaoning and Shandong. Oysters are one of the earliest and most comprehensive species of marine economic animals to be studied. The classification of oysters has been studied in the 18th century, and the biology and embryology of oysters have been studied in the 19th century. From 1918 to 1938, T. C. Nelson in England and C. M. Yonge in 1926 studied the feeding and digestion mechanisms of oysters. From 1921 to 1937, J.H.Orton studied the reproductive behavior, shell formation and growth rules of European oysters. In 1956, Zhang Xi and Lou Zikang of China studied the reproduction and growth of monk hat (pleated) oysters. Scholars from various countries have also studied oyster artificial hybridization, genetic breeding, triploidy and ecology, physiology and antigenicity. |
morphological structure | external morphological characteristics of oysters can be identified from shell shape, scale arrangement, presence or absence of radiation ribs, ligament groove length, etc. Long oyster shells are large, Yangtze River Delta-shaped or narrow rectangular, but there are also oblong individuals. The right shell is flat and circularly corrugated thin scales. The left shell is slightly concave, the scales are thicker than the right shell, the attachment surface of the top of the shell is small, and the ligament groove is wide and long. The inner surface of the shell is white, the adductor muscle marks are large, and the brown-yellow. Omi oyster shells are large and thick. The body shape is changeable, including round, oval, triangular and long. The right shell is slightly flat, smaller than the left shell, with thin and straight yellow-brown or dark purple scales on the surface. The left shell is concave, large and thick, with an attached surface on the back. The inner surface of the shell is white, and the edges are grayish purple and brown. The adductor muscle marks are very large, located on the central dorsal side. The ligament groove is long and wide, horn-shaped, purple-black. Dalian Bay oyster shell is larger, medium thickness, slightly triangular. The right shell is flat, the shell surface is corrugated scales, the radiating ribs are not obvious, and the shell surface is yellow and white. |
chemical composition | oyster shell: mainly contains calcium carbonate, accounting for more than 90%. It also contains magnesium, iron, phosphate, silicate, sulfate, hydrochloride, organic matter, moisture, etc. Calcium is the main mineral, accounting for 38.89%. It also contains a small amount of protein and pigment. Oyster software: rich glycogen, taurine, protein, amino acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), dicosahexaenoic acid (DHA) active peptides, vitamins and trace elements such as zinc, calcium, selenium, iron, etc. Contains 8~10 kinds of trace elements necessary for human body and 6 kinds of macro elements necessary for human body, and contains silver element, silver element has the effect of soothe nerves and calmness. |
pharmacological action | 1. inhibition of poliovirus effect The acidic extract of oysters has an inhibitory effect on poliovirus in vivo, reducing the mortality of infected mice. 2. Phagocytosis Oyster extract (neutral polysaccharides) can significantly promote the clearance of carbon particles in the body of experimental animals, which is basically consistent with the increase of immunoglobulin M plaque forming cells. This substance can also enhance the resistance of animals to pneumonia bacilli infection, and is related to the dose of intraperitoneal administration. 3. Enhancing humoral immunity. Oyster water extract can significantly increase the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of animals. The soft part of the water-soluble extract can significantly improve the transformation function of mouse spleen T lymphocytes and the activity of NK cells. After 15 days of continuous feeding of mice (10~30mg/kg), the percentage of T cells and Th subsets, the proliferation level of lymphocytes induced by ConA and LPS and the activity of NK cells increased significantly, but the percentage of Lyt-2 + subsets (Ts) remained unchanged, which had a recovery and remission effect on the immunocompromised response induced by cyclophosphamide. 4. Anti-ulcer effect Calcinated oyster has obvious anti-experimental gastric ulcer activity. Baimu tablets (Baihe, oyster) have a significant protective effect on the occurrence of stress ulcer and gastritis in guinea pigs; it has a significant protective effect on the occurrence of pyloric ligation ulcer in rats It also has a preventive effect and reduces the secretion of free acid and total acid. The calcium carbonate contained in oysters has an antacid effect. After oral administration, it can directly neutralize gastric acid and reduce the corrosion and digestion of gastric acid on the ulcer surface. 5. Enhance digestion. The Mueryin oral liquid composed of oyster, atractylodes, tangerine peel, codonopsis, etc. can enhance the pepsin activity of rats, and the trend of increasing the dose is more obvious, but it has no obvious effect on the secretion of gastric juice and total acidity, Has a certain effect on enhancing digestion. 6. Radiosensitization Fresh oyster meat extract and oyster meat dry powder water extract were added to the cultured nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line at 1 : 100~800 for 15~16 hours, and then irradiated with 2Gy-α rays. It is proved to have the effect of strengthening α-rays to kill cancer cells. The sensitizing efficiency reached 34.5% ~ 52.6%, but there was no sensitizing effect before radiation. 7. The effect of nourishing yin oyster total nutrition tablet can improve the symptoms of yin deficiency in yin deficiency mice, increase RNA and liver glycogen in mouse liver and kidney cells, and improve enzyme activity. It shows significant effects of nourishing yin and moistening dryness, protecting liver and kidney. 8. Ca2 + contained in other effects can inhibit neuromuscular excitability after being absorbed, which is beneficial to the treatment of liver yang hyperactivity, yin deficiency and wind syndrome. It can also reduce capillary permeability. The oyster polysaccharide extracted from oysters has the effects of lowering blood lipids, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, promoting immune function and anti-leukopenia. |
extraction method | oyster meat paste → petroleum ether reflux twice → degreasing for 6 hours each time → centrifugation → drying → adding distilled water for constant temperature extraction → filtering of mixed liquid, taking supernatant → adding hydrochloric acid to adjust pH → centrifugation for 15 minutes → collecting precipitate and supernatant → placing the precipitate in an oven at 50~60 ℃ for drying for 4 hours to constant mass → the supernatant is decompressed and concentrated and ethanol is added, freezing for 5 hours, precipitating the precipitate → centrifuging for 15 minutes → collecting the precipitate → placing it in an oven at 30~40 ℃ and drying for 4 hours to constant quality, which is the finished polysaccharide. |
Application | Development and utilization in the field of health care functional products and medicine In recent years, the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries have adopted modern biotechnology, high-tech food processing, and new chemical and chemical technologies. The functional active ingredients in oysters have been researched and developed, and a wide variety of health care products, food additives, condiments and other products have been developed. Japan has the most full development of oyster health products. There are more than 50 kinds of functional foods and curative products produced from oyster soft extract. The dosage forms are powder, granule, paste, capsule, liquid, etc. In the United States, nutritional supplementary foods such as oyster functional foods and curative products have become a major industry, and functional foods fortified with taurine and glutathione in oysters have also appeared in Europe. In the field of health care functional products and medicine, our country has also prepared many health products and medicines using oysters. Using oyster shells as raw materials to make therapeutic products "active calcium", oyster meat as raw materials to develop "Longmu Zhuanggu Granules", "Gaitianli", "Golden Oyster" and other products, which are deeply loved by consumers. Through research, a set of effective methods for extracting taurine from oyster dense have been established. The purity of the product can reach 98.5% and can be used as a food additive. Studies have shown that the compound oyster mixture is superior to western medicine and other calcium supplements in the absorption and utilization of animals and in the treatment of rickets. Oyster extract obtained by modern enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation and other technical means contains a large number of functional oligopeptides, peptides, amino acids and other nutrients. It has been widely used in functional food, nutritional food, medicine and other fields. Many products such as "Libao" oral liquid, "Hailikang" capsule, "Oyster EXT Total Nutrition Tablet" are on the market and have won wide acclaim. Using oyster shells as raw materials, calcium additives with good solubility and dispersibility were prepared by ultra-fine grinding technology. In addition, the active (ionized) calcium processed from oyster shells has anti-cancer effects, can prevent and treat diabetes, rickets, skin allergic diseases, and can treat many other diseases. This is the basis for product development with oyster shells as the main raw material. Development and utilization in the food industry In the food industry, there are oyster primary products and deep-processed products. The primary processing mainly adopts fresh, dry, salted, canned and other methods, such as steamed oysters, fresh fried oysters, raw fried oysters, oyster soup, dried oyster products, frozen products, oyster soy sauce, refined oyster sauce, etc. Oyster sauce is the most common product processed from oysters and is deeply loved by many consumers at home and abroad. The convenience of food is the trend of food development today. With the acceleration of people's life rhythm, convenience food is more and more popular with the public. Oysters, as a highly nutritious aquatic product, have the disadvantage that they will die quickly after being naturally placed out of the water, and are easy to be contaminated by microorganisms and spoilage. For this reason, oysters can be made into various canned oysters to meet the needs of consumers. Oyster deep processing is mainly the use of modern enzyme technology, fermentation technology, ultra-fine grinding technology and other product development. Enzymatic hydrolysis of oyster meat can also prepare two kinds of condiments rich in amino acids: oyster sauce and soup. After enzymatic hydrolysis of oysters, the utilization rate of protein is improved, which is more conducive to human absorption. At the same time, the product tastes more delicious and has higher nutritional value. Development and utilization of oysters in other fields Oyster shell can be used to prepare oyster shell lime with dyeing function, oyster shell mixed with clay can be used to prepare cement, which is widely used in construction, decoration and other fields. Oyster shell powder is not only high in calcium, but also rich in various trace elements. In addition, oyster shells can also be used to prepare various feed additives, fertilizer additives, cement additives, coating additives and soil conditioners. |
modern application | 1. anaphylactoid purpura is decocted into 600mL with 90g of oyster and taken twice, 1 dose per day. 30 cases were treated, 26 cases were cured and 4 cases were not cured, with an average cure time of 7.93 days. 2. For flat warts, oyster, purslane, isatis root, clematis chinensis, raw coix seed 30g each, Bombyx batryticatus, hive 10g each, gardenia 10g each, half of the decoction is used to scrub the affected part and the other half is taken orally. Two times a day, the result was that one course of treatment was cured and 90%, and the effect was 10%. 3. Other diseases This product can also be used for hypertension, stroke, neurosis, psychosis, febrile diseases, especially for the later stage of acute infectious diseases with hyperactivity of liver yang, yin deficiency and yang, or yin deficiency and wind syndrome, madness Syndrome, lymphadenitis, lymph node tuberculosis, thyroid disease, etc., the effect is better. |
sexual taste | salty and slightly cold. |
function and indications | important town tranquilizing the mind, Qianyang tonifying yin, softening and dispersating knots, convergence and firmness. Used for palpitations, insomnia, vertigo, tinnitus, scrofula sputum nucleus, lump, spontaneous sweat, night sweat, spermatorrhea, pantothenic acid for stomach pain. Calcined oysters astringent, used for spontaneous sweating night sweats, spermatorrhea, stomach pain and acid. |
use | to calm the liver and stop yang, soften and dispel knots, and converge and solidified. Used for palpitations, insomnia, vertigo, tinnitus, scrofula sputum nucleus, and lump. |