Name | Vanadium atomic absorption standard solution |
Synonyms | Vanadium Vanadium rod Vanadium foil Vanadiumturnings VanadiumslugsNmmxmm VanadiumpowderNmesh Vanadium foil150x200mm VanadiumrodNmmdiacagcm Vanadium foil100x200mm VanadiumfoilNmmthickcagxmm Vanadium atomic absorption standard solution |
CAS | 7440-62-2 |
EINECS | 231-171-1 |
InChI | InChI=1/V |
InChIKey | LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Molecular Formula | V |
Molar Mass | 50.94 |
Density | 6.11g/mLat 25°C(lit.) |
Melting Point | 1890°C(lit.) |
Boling Point | 3380°C(lit.) |
Water Solubility | insoluble H2O; reacts with hot H2SO4, HF, HNO3, aqua regia [MER06] |
Solubility | H2O: soluble |
Vapor Presure | 8 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
Appearance | turnings |
Specific Gravity | 6.11 |
Color | Silver-gray |
Exposure Limit | OSHA: Ceiling 0.5 mg/m3; Ceiling 0.1 mg/m3NIOSH: TWA 1 mg/m3; STEL 3 mg/m3; Ceiling 0.05 mg/m3 |
Merck | 13,9984 |
Storage Condition | no restrictions. |
Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents. |
Sensitive | Sensitive to humidity |
MDL | MFCD00011453 |
Physical and Chemical Properties | The properties of vanadium are similar to those of tantalum and niobium, the British chemist Rosko studied its properties and determined that it is similar to tantalum and niobium, this established the basis for their three in the periodic table of elements to build a sub-family. Vanadium is a medium active metal, the valence of 2, 3, 4 and 5. Among them, the 5 valence state is the most stable, followed by the 4 valence state, the compound of the five valence vanadium has the oxidation performance, and the low price vanadium has the reduction. The lower the valence state of vanadium, the stronger the reducibility. The ionization energy is 6.74 EV, with the resistance to hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and the resistance to gas, salt and water corrosion is better than most stainless steel. Vanadium is not oxidized in air and is soluble in hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia. |
Use | Additives for fast neutron reactor cladding materials, superconducting materials and special alloys. |
Risk Codes | R36/38 - Irritating to eyes and skin. R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. R34 - Causes burns R26 - Very Toxic by inhalation R22 - Harmful if swallowed R50 - Very Toxic to aquatic organisms R20 - Harmful by inhalation |
Safety Description | S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S7 - Keep container tightly closed. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S28 - After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds. S61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets. |
UN IDs | UN 3289 6.1/PG 2 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS | YW1355000 |
FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 10 |
TSCA | Yes |
HS Code | 8112 92 91 |
Hazard Class | 4.1 |
Packing Group | II |
Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 2000 mg/kg |
resistivity | 24.8-26.0 | -CM, 20°C
EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
Introduction | Vanadium: element symbol V, silver gray metal, belonging to VB group in the periodic table, atomic number 23, atomic Weight 50.9414. Vanadium is a medium active metal, the valence of 2, 3, 4 and 5. Among them, the 5 valence state is the most stable, followed by the 4 valence state, the compound of the five valence vanadium has the oxidation performance, and the low price vanadium has the reduction. The lower the valence state of vanadium, the stronger the reducibility. The ionization energy is 6.74 EV, with the resistance to hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and the resistance to gas, salt and water corrosion is better than most stainless steel. Vanadium is not oxidized in air and is soluble in hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia. |
Discovery History | vanadium was discovered in 1801 in lead ore in Idalgo, Mexico, by Mexican mineralogist manudel Rio. He named it erythoride because its salt is red when heated with acid. However, the discovery of del del Rio was erroneously considered to be a form of impure chromium. The Swedish chemist Sefstrom rediscovered the element in 1830 and found an unknown metal in the iron ore of Taberg, Sweden. He was named vanadium under the name of Vanadis. In the second half of 1830, Wohler determined that del Rio's erronium and Sefstrom's vanadium were the same element. Roscoe first prepared vanadium metal in an impure form in the form of a silver-white powder by reduction of vanadium chloride VCl2 with hydrogen in 1867. Hunter and Jones produced 99.5% pure metal as a fine gray powder in 1923 by thermal reduction of vanadium trichloride with sodium in a steel bomb. |
Application | The primary use of vanadium is as an alloy metal to produce strong and corrosion-resistant steel, it is well suited for structures such as nuclear reactors. It does not absorb neutrons or "stretch" due to heat and stress as ordinary stainless steel does, thus making vanadium an ideal choice for building nuclear reactors. Certain compounds of vanadium, particularly oxides, are used as catalysts in the chemical industry to accelerate organic chemical reactions. Reaction. Yellow-brown vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was used as a catalyst to facilitate the production of sulfuric acid by the contact process. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a photographic developer for dyeing textiles and for the production of artificial rubber. When used in combination with glass, it can act as a filter to resist UV rays from sunlight. |
Source | vanadium does not exist in pure elemental state. Small amounts of vanadium can be found in phosphate rock and some iron ores. Most of it is recovered from two minerals: Vanadium lead (a compound of lead and chlorine plus some vanadium oxide) and Carnot (a compound containing uranium, minerals of potassium and vanadium oxides). Since vanadium has four oxidation states and can be used as both a metal and a non-metal, it can be chemically combined with more than 55 chemical elements. The main ores of vanadium are the wheel manganese iron ore, forsterite, vanadium iron ore, and Kano stone found in roll-manganese iron ore, idite, and forsterite. It is also a by-product of phosphate production in the states of the state of Pennsylvania, AR, and Arizona, as well as in Mexico and Peru. |
agricultural applications | vanadium belongs to the class of beneficial elements that are not essential but beneficial to plant growth. It is a very useful nutrient for green algae, but the exact amount of vanadium required for the growth of higher plants has not been determined. Vanadium in the role of nitrogen fixation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Rhizobium and other microorganisms to replace molybdenum. In asparagus, rice, lettuce, barley and corn, vanadium causes an increase in growth. It has also been hypothesized that vanadium may play a role in biological redox reactions. In the absence of molybdenum, vanadium stimulates the growth and nitrogenase activity of Anabaena sp. Low concentrations of vanadium favor the optimal growth of microorganisms and higher plants. Typically, the concentration of vanadium in plants is about 1 ppm. |
preparation | More than 63 million tons of vanadium resources in the world. Vanadium is found in phosphate rock, ilmenite magnetite, uranium-iron sandstone and siltstone deposits, in which the vanadium content is less than 2% of the matrix rock. There are also large amounts of bauxite, petroleum, crude oil, oil shale and le stone in bauxite and carbonaceous materials (19). Vanadium is typically recovered as a by-product or by-product during the extraction of other compounds (e. G., iron, titanium, phosphate, or petroleum). It is extracted from Kano Stone, phosphate deposits, titanium magnetite and vanadium clay. In the initial stage of extraction, a process known as salt roasting produces an oxide concentrate. Ores, petroleum residues, iodide thermal decomposition products and slag formed during the production of iron vanadate are crushed, dried, finely ground, mixed with sodium salts and baked. The hot ore containing sodium metavanadate is precipitated in the form of a red cake and then mixed with sulfuric acid, and the precipitated precipitate is dried to form vanadium pentoxide. The vanadium pentoxide may then be further processed to form the desired vanadium compound. Pure vanadium is difficult to obtain because it is easily contaminated by other elements. Methods for extracting pure vanadium include iodination refining, electrolytic refining in molten salt and electrical transmission. Vanadium of the highest purity has been purified by electrotransport techniques. High purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium chloride with magnesium or a magnesium-sodium mixture. Many Vanadium Metals can now be produced by reducing the calcium of V2O5 in a pressure vessel. |
hazard | vanadium powder, dust, and most oxide compounds can be exploded when exposed to heat and air. Inhalation is also toxic. Vanadium chloride compounds have strong irritation to the skin and are toxic when ingested. Many of its compounds must be stored in a dry, oxygen-free atmosphere or in an inert gas container. Wear protective clothing and goggles when handling vanadium and most other transition elements. |
lithium battery | vanadium battery is one of the excellent green environmental protection batteries (its manufacturing, use and waste process does not produce harmful substances), it has a special battery structure, can be deep high current density discharge; Rapid charging; High specific energy; Low price; Wide application fields: for example, it can be used as a backup power supply for buildings, airports and program-controlled exchange stations; It can be used as a supporting energy storage device for clean power generation systems such as solar energy; It can provide power for submarine, ocean-going ships and for power grid peak regulation. The cost of vanadium battery is similar to that of lead-acid battery, and it can also be used to prepare MW batteries, which can provide power for a long time. Therefore, vanadium batteries have lithium ion batteries in the field of large-scale energy storage, the incomparable cost-effective advantages of nickel-metal hydride batteries. Vanadium battery production process is simple, cost-effective, excellent electrical performance, compared with the manufacture of complex, expensive fuel cells, both in large-scale energy storage and electric vehicle power supply application prospects, are more competitive. |
Medical use | vanadium is an essential trace element in the human body with a content of about 25mg, under the condition of body fluid pH4 ~ 8, the main form of vanadium is VO-3, that is, the vanadium ion (metav Andate); The other is the 5-valent oxidation form VO4- 3, that is, the ortho vanadate ion (Ortho vanadate). Since the biological effects are similar, vanadate (Va) is generally referred to collectively as these two 5-valent oxidation ions. VO-3 by the ion transport system or free to enter the cell, in the intracellular reduced glutathione reduced to VO2 ( 4 valence oxidation state), that is, vanadyl ion (vanadyl). Because the phosphate and Mg2 ions are widely present in the cell VO-3 and the phosphate structure is similar, the size of VO2 and Mg2 (ionic radius of 160pm and 165pm respectively), it is thus possible for both to interfere with the biochemical reaction processes of the cell by competing with the phosphate and Mg2 binding ligands. For example, ATP phosphohydrolase, ribonuclease phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde phosphate kinase, 6-phosphoglucanase, phosphotyrosine protein kinase are inhibited. Therefore, vanadium has a wide range of biological effects after entering the cell. Vanadium compounds have the advantages of relatively easy synthesis and low cost. Therefore, the study of the mechanism of reducing the pressure of vanadium compounds is conducive to the development and utilization of vanadium. |
store and transport | store in a cool and ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat source. It should be stored separately from oxidants, acids and edible chemicals, and mixed storage should not be avoided. With the corresponding varieties and quantity of fire fighting equipment. The storage area shall be provided with suitable materials for containment of the leakage. |
harm to human body | metal vanadium has very low toxicity. Vanadium compounds (vanadium salts) are toxic to humans and animals, and their toxicity increases with the increase of the valence and solubility of the compounds. For example, vanadium pentoxide is highly toxic, which can cause respiratory system, nervous system, gastrointestinal and skin changes. |
hazard control | Skin Contact: remove contaminated clothing and rinse thoroughly with soap and water. Eye contact: immediately open the upper and lower eyelids and rinse with running water for 15 minutes. The patient visited hospital. Inhalation: leave the site to fresh air, rinse the nasopharynx dust with water. The patient visited hospital. Ingestion: the patient visited hospital due to accidental ingestion. Symptomatic treatment. |
Industrial use | adding a few percent of vanadium in steel can greatly increase the elasticity and strength of steel, wear resistance and burst resistance is excellent, both high temperature and cold resistance, no wonder in the automotive, aviation, railway, electronic technology, defense industry and other departments, there are traces of vanadium. In addition, vanadium oxide has become one of the best catalysts in the chemical industry, known as "chemical bread. Mainly used in the manufacture of high-speed cutting steel and other alloy steel and catalyst. Vanadium steel can be made by incorporating vanadium into the steel. Vanadium steel is more compact than ordinary steel structure, toughness, elasticity and mechanical strength is higher. Vanadium steel piercing projectile, able to penetrate 40cm thick steel plate. However, in the iron and steel industry, not pure metal vanadium is added to the steel to make vanadium steel, but the vanadium containing iron ore is directly used to produce vanadium steel. vanadium has many excellent physical properties and chemical properties, so the use of vanadium is very extensive, and it is called metal "vitamin. Most of the initial vanadium is applied to steel, by refining the structure and grain size of steel, increase the grain coarsening temperature, thereby increasing the strength, toughness and wear resistance of steel. Later, people gradually found the excellent improvement of vanadium in titanium alloy, and applied to the field of aerospace, so that the aerospace industry has made a breakthrough progress. With the rapid development of science and technology, the demand for new materials is increasing. Vanadium is more and more widely used in non-steel fields, including aerospace, chemistry, batteries, pigments, glass, optics, medicine and many other fields. |
preparation method | pure metallic vanadium is generally obtained by reducing vanadium pentoxide with potassium under high pressure. Most vanadium is a by-product of the processing of other minerals. Industrial can also be aluminum, Coke reduction of vanadium pentoxide production of pure vanadium. Coke reduction of vanadium pentoxide to produce pure vanadium is to mix V2O5 powder and high purity carbon powder evenly, add 10% camphor ether solution or alcohol, and put it into vacuum carbon resistance furnace or induction furnace. After the vacuum pressure in the furnace is 6.66 × 10-1Pa, the temperature is raised to 1573K for 2H. After cooling, the reaction product was broken up. A suitable amount of Vanadium carbide or vanadium oxide is reconstituted for the secondary reduction according to the components of the first reduction product. The vacuum pressure in the secondary reduction furnace is 2.66 × 10-2PA, the temperature is controlled between 1973 and 2023K, and the temperature is maintained for a period of time. The composition (mass fraction m/%) of metallic vanadium obtained by the vacuum carbon reduction method is as follows: Vanadium 99.5, oxygen 0.05, nitrogen 0.01, and carbon 0.1. The yield of vanadium can reach 98% ~ 99%. [7] The aluminothermic reduction method is to react vanadium pentoxide and pure aluminum in a reaction bomb to generate vanadium aluminum alloy. Vanadium alloy in 2063k high temperature and true air dealumination, can be prepared containing 94% ~ 97% of the coarse metal vanadium. |
physical properties | vanadium is a silver-gray metal. Melting point of 1890±10 ° C, belonging to the high melting point of rare metals. Its boiling point of 3380 ℃, pure vanadium hard, non-magnetic, with ductility, but if it contains a small amount of impurities, especially nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, etc., can significantly reduce its plasticity. |
Environmental hazard | the concentration of vanadium in natural water is very low, 0.01 ~ 20ppb in general river water, with an average of 1ppb. The vanadium content in seawater is 0.9~2.5ppb. Although the content of soluble vanadium in water is very low, the content of vanadium in suspended solids in water is very high. The deposition of suspended solids leads to the migration of vanadium in the water to the sediment and the purification of the water body. Vanadium in soil is mainly in the state of VO3-anion. The higher the oxidation of soil, the greater the alkalinity, the more easily the formation of vanadium VO3-ions. When the acidity of the soil increases, the VO3-ion is easily converted into a multi-vanadate complex anion. They are easy to be fixed by clay and soil colloid and humus and lose the activity, the migration of vanadium in the soil is weak. |
Application | additives for fast neutron reactor jacket materials, superconducting materials and special alloys. |
production method | 1. The main minerals are potassium vanadium uranium ore, lead vanadium ore and so on. Reduction of vanadium pentoxide with calcium or reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium. 2. First, V2O5 is chlorinated at about 750 ° C. In the presence of carbon to produce Vanadium tetrachloride vcl4. Since the generation of VCl4 also generates Vanadium oxytrichloride VCl3O, VCl3O needs to be further chlorinated in the presence of carbon at about 750 ° C. To generate vcl4. The VCl4 is then refluxed at its boiling point (148.5 °c) in a stream of dry carbon dioxide and heated to decompose into vcl3. The obtained VCl3 was further distilled to obtain VCl3 with a purity of 99.8%. Finally, this VCl3 is reduced with magnesium at a temperature of about 850 ° C. To obtain metallic vanadium of good quality. |
toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |